All modern electronics like clocks have a diode in place to only pass the right polarity voltage so it won't do anything. You don't have a choice for that though . The capacitor question depends. There's a type that can go both ways. But if you're talking electrolytic capacitors than yes they will blow up. It's fun to watch the big ones shoot up in the air.
When I was first starting tinkering with electronics years ago; I had this 500 volt power supply at home because my school wanted to get rid of it. I would crank the dial up to 500V and hook up a 1k ohm resistor, flip the switch from a distance; and the thing would explode in the brightest flash of light I've ever seen. That was probably a fire hazard... -_-